Addiction Manipulation
This page was last edited on at
-
Addiction Manipulation, Tobacco Tactics, updated 13 December 2021, accessed 10 April 2024.
Key Points
- Despite decades of denial, the tobacco industry has long known about the addictiveness of cigarettes.
- Tobacco companies manipulated the addictiveness of cigarettes via changes in content and design to attract and retain smokers. As a consequence, smokers today are at a greater risk of disease than smokers in the 1960’s, despite smoking fewer cigarettes.
- Greater implementation of FCTC guidelines around product innovation is needed to protect smokers from changes to cigarettes that increase addiction and harm.
Industry knowledge
Cigarettes have been called “dangerous by design”1. Industry documents reveal that tobacco companies have known for decades about the addictiveness of compounds in cigarettes, including nicotine. They knew how to design cigarettes to affect smokers’ perceptions and behaviours2, and knowingly altered the content and design of cigarettes to maintain addiction in their customers3. Yet up until the 1990’s, they continued to claim publicly that cigarettes were not addictive4 (see Image 1), despite overwhelming evidence at the time showing the opposite to be true56. Tobacco companies’ own internal documents show that they even admitted that they knew all along how addictive their products were3.
Image 1. Tobacco company executives claimed that nicotine is not addictive in 1994 (Source: AP Photo/John Duricka). See this video (source: University of California San Francisco)
Public knowledge
In contrast to tobacco companies’ knowledge of the addictive compounds in cigarettes, the public is unaware of the majority of chemicals in cigarettes, with little awareness of the existence of additives in cigarettes. Yet, consumers do want more information about the ingredients in cigarettes7.
Cigarette additives
Tobacco companies increased the addictiveness of cigarettes by manipulating the effects of additives in cigarettes8. They increased the amount of nicotine delivered to smokers; and added other chemicals (eg: flavours, sugars, ammonia) to reduce the harshness and improve the taste of cigarette smoke, and to increase the absorption of nicotine.
Nicotine
Nicotine is the primary addictive component in cigarettes, reaching the brain seven seconds after being inhaled9. The amount of nicotine delivered to smokers via tobacco smoke has increased overtime 1011. Between 1999 and 2011, it increased by 14.5%; which was due to changes made by manufacturers, rather than natural variation10. This trend has been seen in all major market categories of cigarettes11 .
See the page on newer nicotine and tobacco products for information about nicotine in various consumer tobacco and nicotine products, and the page on harm reduction for information on the debate about the role of these products in tobacco control.
Flavours
Flavourings (eg: cocoa, liquorice, menthol) improve the taste and decrease the harshness of cigarette smoke1213. The ingredients in cocoa and liquorice can ease inhalation of tobacco smoke and nicotine14.
Menthol cigarettes (see Image 2) became popular in the 1950s. Menthol masks the harshness of tobacco and alleviates irritation from nicotine, which makes cigarettes easier to smoke15, promotes smoking initiation, and facilitates inhalation of tobacco smoke16. The cool sensation of menthol causes smokers to hold their breath, enabling greater exposure to the harmful substances in tobacco smoke. This results in increased addiction and tobacco-related diseases17.
See the page on Flavoured and Menthol Tobacco for information on how the industry circumvents menthol bans.
Image 2. Newport and Marlboro menthol cigarettes (source: DailyRecord.co.uk).
Other chemicals
| Chemical(s) | Effect |
| Sugars and humectants | Adding sugars and humectants to cigarettes generates greater levels of harmful substances such as acetaldehyde and acids, which reduce the harshness of tobacco smoke181920. Acetaldehyde also enhances nicotine’s effects14. |
| Ammonia | In the 1960’s, Philip Morris (PM) started using ammonia to increase the available nicotine in cigarette smoke and increase its absorption21. |
| Tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) | TSNA’s are carcinogenic2223. In the 1960’s and 1970’s, tobacco companies started directly heating tobacco (in flue-curing practices), rather than indirectly heating it, which led to an increase in the levels of TSNAs in tobacco24. In 1999, tobacco companies claimed to be transitioning to manufacturing tobacco low in TSNAs. However, in 2010, the levels of TSNAs were similar to levels of a filtered cigarette in the US in 197925. |
| Levulinic acid | In the 1980’s, RJ Reynolds started adding levulinic acid to reduce harshness and increase the amount of nicotine delivered to smokers via tobacco smoke. It also produced toxic components26 and enabled tobacco smoke to be inhaled deeper into the lungs8. |
| Pyrazines | In response to the US Surgeon General Report of 1964 which reported on the health harms of smoking, PM developed the first ‘light’ cigarette (“Merit”) by adding components including pyrazines, which eased inhalation and nicotine deposition by reducing the harsh and irritating effects of tobacco smoke. These components were later added to “Marlboro Lights” (now “Marlboro Gold”) in the 1970s27. |
Filter design
Tobacco companies deceitfully added filters to cigarettes in the 1950’s in an attempt to imply reduced harm, and entice smokers with health concerns, including women and young smokers. However, this design feature reduces smokers perceptions about the harms of smoking, yet in reality may increase the risk of harm2829. The ventilation holes in filters increased the amount of nicotine delivered to smokers30. Smokers of filtered cigarettes (see Image 3) take puffs deeper and more frequently (this is known as compensatory smoking)31, whilst blocking ventilation holes with their fingers3233, which means that carcinogens that are inhaled more deeply into the lungs34.
See the page on Cigarette Filters for information on marketing and the health and environmental harms.
Image 3. Cigarette filters (source: TheNewYorkTimesMagazine.com).
The U.S. Surgeon General’s report of 2014 concluded that, despite a decline in smoking prevalence, the risk of tobacco-related mortality has increased over the last 50 years due to changes in product composition and design. Specifically, it concluded that adding filters to cigarettes has caused an increase in lung adenocarcinomas (cancers in peripheral areas of the lungs)35.
See the page on Product Innovation for information on concerns around changes to products.
Global regulation
The World Health Organization (WHO) Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) recognises that “cigarettes and some other products containing tobacco are highly engineered so as to create and maintain dependence”36. Articles 9 and 10 of the WHO FCTC require Parties to regulate the contents of tobacco products and disclose tobacco products 37. The FCTC recommends that attractiveness and its impact on dependence should be taken into consideration for regulation. It recommends that countries:
- Ban misleading and deceptive tobacco advertising, eg: descriptors such as “light” (see Image 4);
- Ban or restrict ingredients used to increase palatability of tobacco products, eg: sugars and sweeteners, and flavourings;
- Ban ingredients associated with energy and vitality in tobacco products;
- Require manufacturers to disclose information on the ingredients in tobacco products to governments, for each product type and each brand36.
See the page on Advertising Strategy for information on the industry’s use of advertising.
Image 4. Packets of Marlboro lights cigarettes (source: NewYorkTimes.com).
Up to date information on tobacco control legislation around the world can be found on the Tobacco Control Laws website (published by the Campaign for Tobacco Free Kids). You can search litigation by country, tobacco control measure, or type of legal action. The website also contains analysis and assessment of FCTC compliance, and policy factsheets. Parties to the WHO FCTC submit regular FCTC COP reports detailing their progress in implementing the treaty, which are presented in the FCTC Implementation database. Further information on countries’ progress in implementing the WHO recommended MPOWER measures can be found in the WHO reports on the global tobacco epidemic, a serious of biennial reports detailing status and compliance.
The tobacco industry has deliberately manipulated the content and design of cigarettes to maintain addiction in its customers. Given the greater harm experienced by smokers as a result35, greater implementation of FCTC guidelines around product innovation is required to protect smokers from changes to cigarettes that increase addiction and harm.
TobaccoTactics Resources
TCRG Research
For a comprehensive list of all TCRG publications, including TCRG research that evaluates the impact of public health policy, go to the Bath TCRG’s list of publications.
R. Hiscock, K. Silver, M. Zatonski, A. Gilmore, Tobacco industry tactics to circumvent and undermine the menthol cigarette ban in the UK, Tobacco Control, 18 May 2020, doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2020-055769
J. R. Branston, R. Hiscock, K. Silver, D. Arnott, A. Gilmore, Cigarette-like cigarillo introduced to bypass taxation, standardised packaging, minimum pack sizes, and menthol ban in the UK, Tobacco Control, Online First, 26 August 2020, doi: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2020-055700
K. Evans-Reeves, K. Lauber, R. Hiscock, The ‘filter fraud’ persists: the tobacco industry is still using filters to suggest lower health risks while destroying the environment, Tobacco Control, 26 April 2021, doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2020-056245
S. Dance, K. Evans-Reeves. Menthol: Tobacco Companies are exploiting loopholes in the UK’s characterising flavours ban. Tobacco Control.
