Kenya- Country Profile

This page was last edited on at

Kenya is a country of considerable strategic importance for tobacco manufacturing operations in Africa, due both to its influence in the region and its strong and longstanding political links with the tobacco industry.123

Smoking in Kenya

Kenya has high smoking prevalence.4 In 2014,  figures from the Kenyan Ministry of Health showed that 11.6% of the adult population (2.5 million adults, mostly men) used tobacco products, and 10% of 13-15-year-olds (nearly 13% of boys and 7% of girls).56 The World Health Organization (WHO) put overall prevalence of tobacco use at 11.8% in 2018. Note that figures for daily tobacco use differ. For more information see the WHO global report on trends in prevalence 2000-2025)

Since Kenya’s ratification of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) in 2004, the Ministry of Health has been attempting to enact and implement legislation that decreases the prevalence of smoking. With a growing young population becoming susceptible to tobacco use, there is a continuing need for robust tobacco control legislation in Kenya.4

Tobacco in Kenya

Kenya is a major producer of both raw tobacco and manufactured tobacco products, with 17.4 billion cigarettes produced in Kenya in 2016.7 An estimated 36,000 farmers produce tobacco leaf on around 13,500 hectares of land, primarily in the Nyanza and Western Provinces of the country with some farming in the Central and Eastern Provinces.891011 Nearly 9,000 tonnes of leaf were produced in Kenya in 2017, down from over 10,500 tonnes in 2013.8

The tobacco industry claims that growing tobacco is economically beneficial for farmers in low and middle income countries.12 However there is evidence that this is not the case for smallholder farmers in Kenya.131415 In fact “a significant proportion are operating at a net financial loss”14 as well as risking damage to their health, through green tobacco sickness and degradation of their environment.141617

In their research report, the International Institute for Legislative Affairs and the American Cancer Society conclude that, as well as rarely being financially rewarding for individual small farmers, “Tobacco farming is likely hindering, not helping, economic development in the tobacco growing regions in Kenya” and they recommend that the Kenyan government “aggressively seek viable alternative livelihoods”.14 In its 2018 “Sustainability Report”, BAT acknowledged that food security is an issue in Kenya, but claimed it was “working collaboratively with our farmers and their communities to address this”, referring to their support for crop diversification, and the setting up of savings and credit cooperatives.18 Although BAT stated that its aim is to improve the livelihoods of tobacco farmers, their own ‘Stakeholder Panel’ noted that “there remains a lack of objectives that would allow stakeholders to assess the effectiveness of BAT’s efforts”.18 For more information, see Tobacco Farming.

Who Dominates the Market?

In addition to being a tobacco growing country, Kenya also serves as a regional hub for the manufacturing of tobacco products.1

British American Tobacco (BAT) Kenya began operations in Kenya in 1965 and has dominated the market since that time.2 In 2018, BAT Kenya held an estimated 78.8% of the market share, which has been increasing since 2015.19 It exported from Kenya to 17 other countries in the region.20

In 2019, BAT’s Managing Director, Beverley Spencer-Obatoyinbo, described BAT’s expansion plans for the region:

“We want to look at new markets within EAC East African Community and COMESA Common Market for East and Southern Africa. We have had some challenges with expansion outside Nairobi manufacturing due to tariff barriers, but we are working with authorities to remove these barriers and allow free trade.”21

In 2020, BAT announced that they would be building a new factory in Nairobi to manufacture their Lyft nicotine pouches, which they launched in Kenya in 2019. 2223 The company said its plan was for Kenya to become a regional export hub for the product.23 In September 2020 BAT was reported to be lobbying the Kenyan Revenue Authority (KRA) for a tax break for the product (see below).24

Kenyan tobacco manufacturer Mastermind Tobacco Kenya (MTK), was established in the late 1980s, and in 2019 controlled around 16% of the market.19 Philip Morris (PMI), whose share in 2012 was nearly 11%, had just over 4% by 2017.19 In January 2019, the Kenyan newspaper, Business Daily reported that Mastermind was involved in discussions with PMI over the potential sale of a majority stake in the Kenyan company.25 A few days later, the same newspaper reported that Mastermind had agreed to settle a long running tax dispute with the KRA .26 Wilfred Murungi, Mastermind’s founder and owner, died suddenly in June 2019 leaving the status of the sale of the company unclear.2728 For more about MTK’s past interference with tobacco control policy, see Mastermind Tobacco Kenya.

Tobacco, the Economy and Taxation

Although tobacco production only contributes around 0.03% of Kenya’s GDP, the industry as a whole accounts for an estimated 7%, reportedly contributing large sums in tax revenues to the Government.91420 BAT is consistently listed among the top corporate taxpayers by the KRA, with Mastermind in the top 25.9 BAT claimed, in 2019, that it had contributed “KSh 80 billion to national revenue in various taxes” over a 5 year period.29 Consequently, there is a vested interest in ensuring that these key players continue to do business within Kenya.

In 2018, BAT had objected to proposed increases in tobacco taxes, saying that this would create an “unpredictable” operating environment for its business.30

However, in May 2019, BAT was accused of tax avoidance, after an investigation by the Tax Justice Network and Campaign for Tobacco Free Kids, found that the company had moved dividends out of Kenya to the Netherlands in 2015 and 2016, thus avoiding paying the Kenyan government around Sh2.65 billion (US$2.7million).3132

BAT responded to this report by saying:

“The Group fully complies with all applicable tax legislation where it does business, operates the transactions that occur between Group companies on an arm’s length basis and is a significant tax contributor to Governments worldwide. Classifying countries such as the Netherlands and the UK as tax havens is simply not a credible claim… the tax loss of $58.9m identified by the report simply does not arise.”31

The Institute of Legislative Affairs subsequently urged the Kenyan government to introduce a simplified taxation structure to increase revenue and reduce the number of loopholes by which companies could avoid paying tax.33 In November 2019, the government increased the tax on cigarettes by 14%.34 In 2020, BATK claimed that this was leading to an increase in sales of illicit tobacco, a common tobacco industry argument against tax increases.35

In September 2020, Business Daily reported that BAT had opened talks with the KRA to have its nicotine pouches exempted from excise duty for up to three years, and then for it to be taxed at a lower rate than cigarettes.24 Spencer-Obatoyinbo was quoted as saying that this exemption was reasonable “due to the size of foreign direct investment” and referred to BAT establishing exports of the product.24  In early 2021, the Kenyan said that it was intending to classify nicotine pouches as a tobacco product under the Tobacco Control Act.36 BAT protested this move, arguing that there should be a new tax category for the product.37 For more information on these products see Nicotine Pouches.

Links to Government

The tobacco industry has a history of establishing high-level political links with the government and using these links to promote its business agenda.2 BAT has enjoyed strong political relationships and has been “supported by successive Kenyan Presidents— Kenyatta, Moi and… Kibaki—establishing links with a variety of ministers and appointing influential politicians as non-executive directors”.2 In 2017, there were reports in the UK media that the Kenyan general election was being contested by “parliamentarians who have been linked to payments by the multinational company”.38

According to documents obtained by the media, BAT attempted to influence government officials in order to undermine tobacco control measures in Kenya, and other African countries.383940 From August 2017 to January 2021, BAT was under investigation by the UK’s Serious Fraud Office (SFO) after allegations of corruption and bribery in Africa.4142 The investigation was concluded as the SFO said it did not “meet the evidential test for prosecution”.42

In September 2020 Rita Kavashe was appointed chair of the board of BAT Kenya (BATK).4344 At the time Kavashe was serving as a member of the delivery board of Kenya Vision 2030, alongside government officials, including representatives from the Ministry of Health, and the Office of the President.4546

Roadmap to Tobacco Control

For more than 25 years, tobacco control has been on the public health agenda in Kenya, where investment in initiatives to curb the country’s escalating tobacco epidemic began in 1992.1 The World Health Organization’s Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), a treaty that establishes evidence-based tobacco control measures which parties to the treaty are legally obliged to implement, was signed and ratified by Kenya in 2004.4748 Kenyan policymakers have since been advocating for the development of legislation to decrease the prevalence of smoking and safeguard public health.

The Tobacco Control Act 2007

In 2007, following 13 years of drafting and development, the Kenyan Parliament passed the Tobacco Control Act 2007 (TCA), the first step in efforts to domesticate the FCTC.20 During this time, according to the Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation (MoPH&S) and the Institute of Legislative Affairs (ILA), the tobacco industry had “numerously made attempts; sometimes successfully to influence tobacco control in Kenya” and the delay in the enactment of this legislation was attributed to “ the industry’s manipulation of the parliamentarians”.20
The provisions of the TCA included:

  • smoke free public places;
  • progressive graphic health warnings;
  • comprehensive bans on Tobacco Advertising Promotion and Sponsorship;
  • tax and price measures;
  • public awareness and education;
  • public education and information campaigns;
  • limiting sales to minors.49

However, since this Act was passed implementation has been problematic. A weak legislative framework, lack of political will and corruption have been blamed for effectively stunting its implementation.2950

Obstacles to Implementation of the TCA

In the 13 years it took the TCA to be drafted, and throughout the subsequent years of its implementation, the tobacco industry persistently tried to weaken its effect and aggressively lobbied policymakers to undermine it.251 For example, after the Act was passed, BAT Kenya and MTK challenged the new law in court. This led to the suspension of the public smoking ban.52

Many of its provisions do not meet the minimum FCTC requirements for compliance.53 The requirements for smokefree places, for example, do not meet the FCTC standards as outlined in Article 8, which call for 100% smoke free places as any other measure fails to provide universal protection against tobacco smoke exposure. Similarly, failure to incorporate graphic health warnings on packaging of tobacco products meant the TCA failed to comply with Article 11.49

Tobacco Control Regulations 2014

As a result of the problematic implementation of the TCA, and in an attempt to strengthen the evidence-based framework and support greater adherence to the Act, the Kenya government sought to introduce the Tobacco Control Regulations (TCR) 2014.54 The proposed Regulations aimed specifically to allow for the effective and stronger implementation of the tobacco control provisions that had already been enacted by Parliament via the 2007 TCA.
The Tobacco Control Regulations called for:

  • graphic health warnings;
  • stronger smokefree legislation;
  • an Annual Solatium compensatory contribution (obligating tobacco manufacturers and importers to pay 2% of the value of the tobacco products manufactured in or imported to Kenya back to the government to help offset the costs of treating tobacco related morbidity and mortality);5556
  • protecting public health policies from the commercial and other vested interests of the tobacco industry (reflective of Article 5.3 of the FCTC).

Obstacles to Implementation of the TCR

Despite intense pressure from the national and international public health community, passage of the TCR has been continually impeded by industry interference.

In April 2015, shortly before the Regulations were due to come into force in June,57 BAT filed a legal case against the Ministry of Health in Kenya, claiming that the Regulations were “unconstitutional” and requested that they be dismissed.5859
On 2 July 2015, the High Court suspended the implementation of the regulations until a final ruling was reached. Nearly nine months later, on 24 March 2016, it ruled that, with a few minor amendments, the regulations should come into effect in September that year.6061 BAT subsequently appealed, further delaying implementation of the regulations.62 However in February 2017, the Court of Appeal upheld the 2016 high court ruling.61636465After BAT launched a further case in the Supreme Court, the Appeal Court decision was stayed.38 While the case was heard on 25 April 2018, the Supreme Court did not come to a final decision for a further 18 months .66

On 26 November 2019, more than four years after BAT first challenged the 2014 bill, the Kenyan Supreme Court ruled to uphold the regulations.6768
The Africa Tobacco Control Alliance (ATCA) released a statement at the time saying the “ruling in favour of the Regulations for the third and definitely the last time, proves that Kenya values the health and wellbeing of its people, and stands firm against the tobacco industry’s tactics to block or delay the adoption and implementation of effective tobacco control policies”.69 The Kenya Tobacco Control Alliance (KETCA) urged the Kenyan government to make up for time lost through BAT’s interference and move swiftly to implement and enforce the 2014 regulations.70

For more information see our page Kenya- BAT’s Tactics to Undermine the Tobacco Control Regulations

A government proposal to increase tobacco taxes in the 2019 Finance Bill, announced in June that year, came in from criticism from BAT, with Spencer-Obatoyinbo claiming that increased smuggling from Uganda was threatening BAT’s business, and therefore tobacco manufacturing and jobs in Kenya.7172 Around the same time, in 2019, the company announced their intention to start selling nicotine pouches as a “tobacco-free” option for Kenyans.73

Nairobi City County Tobacco Control Bill 2018

Nairobi City County implemented national laws restricting smoking in public places, enforced by plain clothed public health officials threatening high fines and potential arrest, but according to press reports this has met with only limited success.74 Research by the Institute for Global Tobacco Control found that cigarettes were easily available to children and were being sold singly near primary schools.75 The Nairobi City County Tobacco Control Bill, tabled in December 2018, aimed to introduce greater regulation of tobacco in Nairobi by creating a new county department responsible for issuing licences to all manufacturers, distributors, suppliers and retailers of tobacco products, with fines for non-compliance.76 The bill proposed:

  • restrictions on retail locations (health or educational institutions, parks and other public entertainment areas) and at points of sale, including keeping tobacco out of sight and clear signage prohibiting sale to under 18s
  • rules governing second hand smoke, and the definition and extension of public smoke free areas.
  • provision of health and cessation services, and public education

It also covered regulation of interaction between public officials and the tobacco industry, with clauses on disclosure, and a code of conduct for all those “involved in setting or implementing public health policies for tobacco control”.76 In early 2019, local media reported BAT protests against this bill. During the public consultation phase many of BAT’s arguments were also used by Kenyan business groups, along with others commonly used by third parties working with the tobacco industry.
For details see our page on BAT Kenya- BAT’s Tactics to Undermine the Tobacco Control Regulations

The bill was passed after its third reading on 12 June 2019.7778

Protocol to Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products

In May 2020, Kenya became the 59th country to ratify the Protocol to Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products.79 The Protocol is an international treaty that seeks to counter the illicit tobacco trade through a variety of measures that include supply chain control, offense prosecution, and international cooperation. Illicit trade deprives governments of over $40 billion a year in revenue. 80

For more information see Protocol to Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products

Industry Interference in Kenya

Tobacco companies like BAT have continually employed a variety of tactics to hinder policy progress in Kenya, including: lobbying and engaging senior policymakers;8182 exerting influence through third parties and trade committees;83 and filing legal claims.8485

In 2018, researchers from the African Population and Health Research Center (APHRC) identified industry interference as one the key barriers to the successful formulation and implementation of tobacco control policy in Kenya.86 According to the 2019 Global Tobacco Industry Interference Index (GTIII) report, while Kenya has resisted industry involvement in policy development and implementation, and not backed down on legal challenges, more transparency on political contributions was required.87 Kenya has banned tobacco companies Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) activities, and restricts interaction between the industry and government ministers and officials. However, the report noted that this was not wholly enforced; an event at which BAT was awarded an ‘Employer of the Year Award’, in May 2017, was attended by the Cabinet Secretary for Youth and Gender.8788

To read more about the extent and frequency of tobacco industry tactics to undermine progress in Kenya, see:

Global Tobacco Industry Interference Index reports can be found on the GGTC and STOP websites.

Extensive research published in 2021 by the Tobacco Control Research Group at the University of Bath, a partner in STOP, and in conjunction with BBC’s Panorama, The Bureau of Investigative Journalism and the Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project uncovered multiple instances of British American Tobacco seeking to frustrate tobacco control measures in Africa.

Interference & CSR During Covid-19 Pandemic

During the Covid-19 pandemic the Kenyan government designated tobacco as an essential product89

BAT Kenya donated hand sanitiser and 10.6 million Shillings (KSh), over GB£70 million or  $US 96 million, to the Kenyan to the national Covid relief fund.9091

For more on the activities of BAT, and other tobacco companies, during the COVID-19 pandemic go to the page on Covid-19.

For more on how the tobacco industry uses CSR to further its corporate objectives, see CSR Strategy.

Relevant Links

British American Tobacco Kenya

Mastermind Tobacco Kenya

TobaccoTactics Resources

TCRG Research

Tobacco control and sustainable development: shared challenges and future opportunities, B. Matthes, M. Zatonski, Journal of Health Inequalities, 2019, 5(1):71-79

For a comprehensive list of all TCRG publications, including TCRG research that evaluates the impact of public health policy, go to the Bath TCRG’s list of publications.

Print Friendly, PDF & Email

References

  1. ↑abcWorld Health Organization, Joint national capacity assessment on the implementation of effective tobacco control policies in Kenya, 2012, accessed September 2019
  2. ↑abcdefP. Patel, J. Collin, A.B. Gilmore. “The Law Was Actually Drafted by Us but the Government Is to Be Congratulated on Its Wise Actions”: British American Tobacco and Public Policy in Kenya, Tobacco Control, 2007, 16(1):1–8, accessed September 2019
  3. ↑D. Simpson, Kenya: Beach Party “Helps” Tobacco Bill, Tobacco Control, 2005, 14(1):4, accessed September 2019
  4. ↑abCampaign for Tobacco Free Kids, New Survey Shows Need for Kenya to Take Strong Action to Save Lives from Tobacco Use, 2 December 2014, accessed September 2019
  5. ↑Tobacco Control Unit, Ministry of Health Kenya, Global Adult Tobacco Survey 2014, available from World Health Organisation website, 2014, accessed September 2019
  6. ↑Tobacco Control Unit, Ministry of Health Kenya, GYTS 2013 Kenya Fact Sheet, International Institute of Legislative Affairs website, 2013, accessed September 2019
  7. ↑Kenya, Tobacco Atlas, undated, accessed September 2019
  8. ↑abUN Food and Agriculture Organisation, FAOSTAT data on tobacco crops in Kenya, 2013-17, accessed September 2019
  9. ↑abcdEuromonitor International, Tobacco in Kenya, July 2018
  10. ↑Euromonitor International, Economies and Consumers Annual Data, 2013-2018
  11. ↑International Institute of Legislative Affairs, Shadow Report on the Status of Implementation of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) in Kenya (5 YEARS LATER), 2010, accessed September 2019
  12. ↑A. B. Gilmore, G. Fooks, J. Drope, S. Aguinaga Bialous, R. R. Jackson, Exposing and addressing tobacco industry conduct in low-income and middle-income countries The Lancet, 2015, 385(9972):1029-1043, accessed September 2019
  13. ↑P. Magati, R. Lencucha, Q. Li et al, Costs, contracts and the narrative of prosperity: an economic analysis of smallholder tobacco farming livelihoods in Kenya Tobacco Control, 2019;28:268-273, accessed September 2019
  14. ↑abcdeP. Magati, Q. Li, J. Drope, R. Lencucha, R. Labonté,The Economics of Tobacco Farming in Kenya, 2016, International Institute for Legislative Affairs and American Cancer Society, accessed September 2019
  15. ↑R. Labonte, D. Makoka, J. Drope, R. Lencucha, Big Tobacco woos African Farmers with bogus promises of prosperity The Conversation, 1 January 2018, accessed September 2019
  16. ↑Tobacco Farmers Will Have To Grow Trees Or Forget About The Crop, Kenya News Agency, 26 June 2019, accessed September 2019
  17. ↑B. Matthes, M. Zatonski, Tobacco control and sustainable development: shared challenges and future opportunities, Journal of Health Inequalities, 2019, 5(1):71-79, accessed September 2019
  18. ↑abBAT Transforming Tobacco: Sustainability Report 2018, BAT website, accessed September 2019
  19. ↑abcEuromonitor International, Company Shares – Kenya, 2018
  20. ↑abcdMinistry of Public Health and Sanitation, International Institute for Legislative Affairs, Centre for Tobacco Control in Africa, Tobacco industry interference in Kenya: Exposing the tactics, January 2013, accessed September 2019
  21. ↑P. Alushula, BAT forecasts 2019 exports revenue growth, Business Daily, 14 February 2019, accessed September 2019
  22. ↑Capital FM, Kenya: BAT to Launch Smoke-Free Cigarettes in Kenya, allafrica.com, 19 July 2019, accessed November 2019
  23. ↑abP. Alushula, BAT to build Sh2.5bn nicotine pouch plant, Business Daily, 21 February 2020, accessed September 2020
  24. ↑abcC. Munda, BAT eyes tax holiday for nicotine pouches, Business Daily, 17 September 2020, accessed October 2020
  25. ↑V. Juma, Mastermind billionaire in buyout talks with US firm, Business Daily, 25 January 2019, accessed September 2019
  26. ↑G. Fayo, Mastermind land on sale in Sh2.9 deal with KRA, Business Daily, 28 February 2019, accessed September 2019
  27. ↑A. Wako, Mastermind Tobacco tycoon dies, The Nation: Nairobi News, 6 June 2019, accessed September 2019
  28. ↑J. Kamau, Ode to tycoon who almost smoked BAT out of business, Daily Nation, 9 June 2019, accessed September 2019
  29. ↑British American Tobacco, Pricing and Tax, BAT Kenya website, undated, accessed September 2019
  30. ↑BAT Protests Against More Taxes, Tobacco Asia, 20 July 2018, accessed March 2021
  31. ↑abTax Justice Network, Ashes to Ashes: How British American Tobacco Avoids Tax in Low and Middle Income Countries, 30 April 2019, accessed September 2019
  32. ↑J. Owino, Cigarette manufacturer BAT on the spot for tax avoidance, Capital Business, 27 May 2019, accessed September 2019
  33. ↑J. Muchangi, T. Kimani, Unify tobacco tax to boost revenue, Rotich advised, The Star, 26 June 2019, accessed September 2019
  34. ↑B.Otieno, BAT raises cigarette prices on higher taxes, Business Daily, 14 January 2020, accessed March 2021
  35. ↑British American Tobacco Kenya, British American Tobacco Kenya Plc (BAT Kenya) Releases Half Year 2020 Performance report, press release, 16 July 2020
  36. ↑M.Ngugi, State to classify BAT nicotine pouches as Tobacco products, Business Daily,  23 February 2021, accessed February 2021
  37. ↑C. Munda, BAT rejects Health ministry’s guide on nicotine pouches, Business Daily,  19 March 2021, accessed March 2021
  38. ↑abcS. Bosely,Threats, bullying, lawsuits: tobacco industry’s dirty war for the African market The Guardian, 12 July 2017, accessed September 2019
  39. ↑British American Tobacco Investigated by Serious Fraud Office, BBC News, 2017, accessed September 2019
  40. ↑British American Tobacco, Serious Fraud Office website, 23 November 2017, archived 25 March 2019, accessed September 2019
  41. ↑Serious Fraud Office, SFO investigating British American Tobacco p.l.c, 1 August 2017, accessed June 2018
  42. ↑abSerious Fraud Office, SFO closes British American Tobacco (BAT) Plc investigation, SFO case update, 15 January 2021
  43. ↑British American Tobacco Kenya, British American Tobacco Kenya PLC Appoints Rita Kavashe as the Chair of its Board to Oversee its Ambition to Transform the Tobacco Industry, press release, 1 September 2020, accessed September 2020
  44. ↑B. Otieno, BAT appoints Isuzu boss Rita Kavashe as new board chair, Business Daily, 1 September 2020, accessed September 2020
  45. ↑Kenya Vision 2030, Vision Delivery Board, website, undated, accessed September 2020
  46. ↑Rita Kavashe, LinkedIn profile, accessed September 2020
  47. ↑WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control: an overview, January 2015, accessed September 2019
  48. ↑United Nations, Chapter IX: Health 4. WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, UN Treaty Collection , as at 18 September 2019, accessed September 2019
  49. ↑abThe Government of Kenya, The Tobacco Control Act, 2007, accessed September 2019
  50. ↑United Nations, Kenya, FCTC Implementation Database, as of 6 April 2018, accessed September 2019
  51. ↑D. Simpson, Kenya: Beach Party “Helps” Tobacco Bill, Tobacco Control, 14.1 (2005): 4, accessed September 2019
  52. ↑Kenya Suspends Smoking Ban, BBC News , 31 May 2006, accessed September 2019
  53. ↑J. Tumwine, Implementation of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in Africa: Current Status of Legislation, Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2011 Nov; 8(11): 4312–4331, accessed November 2015
  54. ↑Cabinet Secretary for Health Kenya, The Tobacco Control Act 2007, The Tobacco Control Regulations, 2014
  55. ↑S. Chao-Blasto, Health minister defends strict tobacco rules in battle with manufacturer, Business Daily Africa, 3 August 2015, accessed November 2015
  56. ↑Tobacco Free 254, KETCA, Tobacco Control Regulations, accessed November 2015
  57. ↑C. Rwenji, BAT fails to stop enforcement of tobacco control rules, Standard Digital, 8 May 2015, accessed September 2019
  58. ↑British American Tobacco Kenya, Petition no. 143 in the matter of the Tobacco Control Regulations 2014 between British American Tobacco Kenya Ltd and the Cabinet Secretary for the Ministry of Health, 14 April 2015
  59. ↑C. Maina, BAT challenges new cigarette regulations on packaging from Ministry of Health, The Star,16 April 2015, accessed September 2019
  60. ↑British American Tobacco Kenya, Petition no. 143 in the matter of the Tobacco Control Regulations 2014 between British American Tobacco Kenya Ltd and the Cabinet Secretary for the Ministry of Health, High Court ruling of 24 March 2016
  61. ↑abOffice of the Attorney General and Department of Justice, Kenya, Government wins Tobacco War in Protecting Public Health, Press Release, 18 February 20017, accessed September 2019
  62. ↑British American Tobacco Kenya Limited v Cabinet Secretary for the Ministry of Health, Tobacco Control Board & Attorney General, Civil Appeal (Application) Nai 112 of 2016, Application to the Court of Appeal, 16 September 2016
  63. ↑ British American Tobacco Ltd v. Ministry of Health, et al, Civil Appeal No. 112 of 2016, Court of Appeal ruling of 17 February 2017
  64. ↑M. Njugunah, Anti-tobacco lobby welcomes favourable court ruling on cigarette pack branding Capital FM Business, 20 February 2017, accessed September 2019
  65. ↑Court of Appeal of Kenya rejects BAT challenge to Tobacco Control Regulations, McCabe Centre for Law & Cancer, 6 April 2016, accessed September 2019
  66. ↑G. Bocha, Supreme Court asked to throw out smoking rules The Nation, 27 April 2018, accessed September 2019
  67. ↑M. Kakah, BAT loses Supreme Court battle on tobacco products sale, adverts, Business Daily, 26 November 2019, accessed November 2019
  68. ↑Top Kenya Court Dismisses British American Tobacco Challenge, New York Times, 26 November 2019, accessed November 2019 (paywall)
  69. ↑Africa Tobacco Control Alliance, Supreme Court Upholding of Tobacco Control Regulations in Kenya, press release, 26 November 2019, accessed November 2019
  70. ↑Kenya Tobacco Control Alliance, Supreme Court Judgement on Tobacco Control Regulations 2014, Statement by KETCA Chairman, 26 November 2019, accessed November 2019
  71. ↑A. Wako, Pain for revellers as Rotich hits alcohol, cigarettes with higher taxes, The Nation: Nairobi News, 13 June 2019, accessed August 2019
  72. ↑M. Omusulu, BAT faults treasury’s tax measures, Standard Digital”, 20 July 2019. Accessed August 2019
  73. ↑J. Owino, BAT set to launch smoke-free cigarettes in Kenya, Capital Business”, 19 July 2019, accessed August 2019
  74. ↑S. Bosely, tobacco continued to be easily accessible to children Inside the murky world of Nairobi’s smoking zones The Guardian, 12 July 2017, accessed September 2019
  75. ↑Institute for Global Tobacco Control, Technical Reports on Tobacco Marketing at the Point-of-Sale in Nairobi, Kenya: Product Display, Advertising, and Promotion around Schools, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, November 2016, updated May 2018
  76. ↑abNairobi Assembly: Bills, Nairobi Assembly website, accessed February 2019
  77. ↑Bills, Nairobi Assembly court record, accessed August 2019
  78. ↑Proposed bill to ban sale of cigarettes in universities, The Star, 6 April 2019, accessed September 2019
  79. ↑United Nations, List of parties to the Protocol to Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products, 2021, accessed March 2021
  80. ↑Tobacco Atlas International Community Welcomes Kenya to the Protocol to Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products, May 2020, accessed March 2021
  81. ↑Chief of Staff and Head of Public Service, Letter to Cabinet Secretary of the Ministry of Health, New Tobacco Regulations, 3 February 2015
  82. ↑Director of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Kenya Tobacco Control Regulations 2014 – potential impacts on East African Community (EAC) principles and obligations, 27 January 2015
  83. ↑BL. Kaleve, Chairman, National TBT Consultative Committee, Invitation to attend TBT workshop in Naivasha on 13th -14th March 2012, 2 March 2012
  84. ↑British American Tobacco Kenya, Petition no. 143 in the matter of the Tobacco Control Regulations 2014 between British American Tobacco Kenya Ltd and the Cabinet Secretary for the Ministry of Health, 14 April 2015
  85. ↑C. Maina, BAT challenges new cigarette regulations on packaging from Ministry of Health, 16 April 2015, accessed September 2019
  86. ↑S.F. Mohamed, P. Juma, G.Asiki, C. Kyobutungi, Facilitators and barriers in the formulation and implementation of tobacco control policies in Kenya: a qualitative study, BMC Public Health, 2018;18(Suppl 1):960, doi:10.1186/s12889-018-5830-x
  87. ↑abM. Assunta, Global Tobacco Industry Interference Index 2019, Global Center for Good Governance in Tobacco Control (GGTC), September 2019
  88. ↑BAT feted as Kenya’s best employer, Business Daily, 25 September 2019, accessed October 2019
  89. ↑D. Mwere, NGOs want alcohol, tobacco removed from essential goods list, Nairobi News, 21 April 2020, accessed January 2021
  90. ↑M. Njugunah, 300,000 Liters Of Sanitizer Produced And Released For Distribution, Capital Business, 11 April 2020, accessed January 2021
  91. ↑T. Mutinda, List of organisations with biggest donations to Covid-19 fund, The Star, 21 April 2021, accessed January 2021

Categories